China Reverses Ban on Rhino and Tiger Parts in Medicine, Worrying Activists

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Javier C. Hernández, The New York Times

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BEIJING: The Chinese government, reversing a 25-year ban, announced on Monday that it would allow the use of rhinoceros horns and tiger bones in medicine, a move that environmentalists described as a significant setback for efforts to protect the animals from extinction.

The State Council, China’s cabinet, said in a policy directive that it would legalize the use of rhino horns and tiger bones for “medical research or in healing,” but only by certified hospitals and doctors, and only from rhinos and tigers raised in captivity.

Still, environmentalists said the decision would likely help fuel a black market for wild rhino and tiger parts, which are revered in traditional Chinese medicine for supposed healing powers, and could lead to increased poaching of the fewer than 30,000 rhinos and 3,900 tigers still in the wild. 

“It’s a devastating decision,” said Leigh Henry, director of wildlife policy at the World Wildlife Fund in Washington. “I can’t overstate the potential impact.” 

The announcement on Monday threatened to undermine President Xi Jinping’s efforts to promote an image of China as a responsible environmental steward capable of tackling global issues like climate change and air pollution.

“A small number of individuals stand to make a lot of money perhaps at the price of the species,” said Peter Knights, chief executive of WildAid, an environmental advocacy group based in San Francisco. He added that the decision “comes completely out of the blue and with no rationale.”

In 2016, China announced a ban on the sale of commercial ivory, a move that was widely applauded as a critical step in ending the practice of elephant poaching in Africa. The government has also won praise from environmental advocates for reducing consumption of shark fin.

Now, just as prices for rhino horn are decreasing and populations of tigers have stabilized, the environmental advocates say, China threatens to hurt that progress.

Chinese officials on Monday did not draw attention to the reversal of the ban, put in place in 1993, nor did they explain the decision.

Experts said the move was likely related to the government’s efforts to encourage the growth of traditional Chinese medicine, an industry valued at more than $100 billion, with more than 500,000 medical practitioners.

While leaders of traditional Chinese medicine have officially discouraged the use of rhino horn and tiger bone for years, an underground trade has continued.

Rhino horn is used in Chinese medicine to treat a variety of conditions, including severe illnesses in children and cancer. Tiger bone is often used to treat bone disease. Both medicines are often consumed by patients in powdered form.

Mr. Xi has used Chinese medicine as a way to expand China’s overseas influence, and his government has promoted it in places like Zimbabwe and Nepal. The government hopes Chinese medicine will win global acceptance alongside Western therapies.

The Chinese state media sought to portray Monday’s policy announcement as an effort to help protect rhinos and tigers by improving oversight. The regulations said that trade of rhinos, tigers and their related products was illegal, except for a handful of purposes, including medicine, scientific research and “cultural exchanges.”

The State Council said in the announcement that the medical use of rhino and tiger parts would be strictly monitored. Only doctors certified by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine would be allowed to administer the medicines, the announcement said. 

Only rhinos and tigers in captivity can be used for medicinal purposes under the State Council guidelines, excluding zoo animals. China is estimated to have 6,500 tigers in captivity as of 2010, according to the World Wildlife Fund, though the number of rhinos in captivity is unknown.

Experts said the number of animals in captivity that could be used for medicinal purposes would likely not meet the demand in China, potentially leading to increased poaching and a thriving underground trade.

“There’s so much money to be made for someone who poaches a rhino or tiger in the wild,” said Ms. Henry of the World Wildlife Fund. “That’s incentive enough.”

She added: “There’s no way that these captive sources can fill a demand when you’re talking a population the size of China’s.”

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/29/world/asia/china-rhino-tiger-poaching.html